Unit:6
Geography
Climate/ Weather
Geography
Climate/ Weather
The state of atmosphere of a particular place and time with regard to temperature,cloudiness, rainfall, wind and other meteorological condition, such as cloudy, rainy, sunny etc is regarded as weather.
Climate
The average weather condition of a particular place over a long period of time is climate. It is also the condition of temperature, rainfall, wind and the wind pressure of a particular place.
Factors that affect the climates
Latitude, Altitude, Distance from the sea, Ocean current, Slope of land, presence of mountains etc.
Que. The Polar region is very cold while Equatorial region is very hot. Why? Write any four regions behind it.
Ans. Equatorial region and Polar region are two different climatic regions. Equatorial climate is found on the middle part of the earth whereas the Polar climate is found
on two different polar ie North polar and South polar.
The differences:
# The Equatorial region receives the direct sun rays, which cause rise in the temperature whereas the earth is in tilt position, they receive the slanting sun rays. The slanting sun rays are weaker in heating so the polar are very cold.
# The sun rays have to travel short distance to reach on the surface of the Equator and it causes very hot there likewise as the sun rays travel long distance to reach at the Polar and they lost their heat on the way. So the polar are very cold.
# Obviously the small area Equator gets heated quicker but it takes long time to heat the large area the Polar and the low heat can't do so.
# The Equator remains hot and wet all the year because of direct sun rays like wise the Polar experience dark and cold winter for a long period of time.
Que. Nepagunj is very hot whereas Taplejung is very cold although they are in the same latitude. Why?
Ans. Nepalgunj is located in low altitude whereas Taplejung is in high altitude as the altitude rises up with 165m 1 degree celsuis temperature decreases. So the places in the high altitude are very cold.
Ans. Nepalgunj is located in low altitude whereas Taplejung is in high altitude as the altitude rises up with 165m 1 degree celsuis temperature decreases. So the places in the high altitude are very cold.
Different Climatic Zones
1. Tropical Climatic Zone
a. Equatorial Climate
* Equatorial climate is found in between 0 degree to 5 degree in the both sides of the Equator.
* As it receives the direct sun rays, it is very hot and wet all the year.
* There is no change in seasons. It remains with the same season throughout the year.
* It receives the conventional rain every day.
* The evergreen rain forests are found in Amazon and Congo basin called Selvas.
* The trees are very tall with hard trunk. The leaves are very broad in the shape.
* Red Indians(Amazon basin) and Pygmies(Congo basin) are the native people of Equatorial region.
* As it receives the direct sun rays, it is very hot and wet all the year.
* There is no change in seasons. It remains with the same season throughout the year.
* It receives the conventional rain every day.
* The evergreen rain forests are found in Amazon and Congo basin called Selvas.
* The trees are very tall with hard trunk. The leaves are very broad in the shape.
* Red Indians(Amazon basin) and Pygmies(Congo basin) are the native people of Equatorial region.
b. Tropical Grassland
* This climatic region is found in between 5 degree to 20 degree in the both sides of the equator.
* It generally experiences two types of climatic conditions ie summer and winter.
* It receives very scanty rain in the summer and the winter remains gentle warm and dry.
* As it receives very less rain fall, the spoted trees in umbrella shape are found here.
* It is the vast grassland with coarse grasses.
* As millions of birds and animals are found here, it is called the Zoo of the World.
* Hausa and Massai are the native people of this region.
* It generally experiences two types of climatic conditions ie summer and winter.
* It receives very scanty rain in the summer and the winter remains gentle warm and dry.
* As it receives very less rain fall, the spoted trees in umbrella shape are found here.
* It is the vast grassland with coarse grasses.
* As millions of birds and animals are found here, it is called the Zoo of the World.
* Hausa and Massai are the native people of this region.
c.Tropical Desert Climate
* It is the climate situated in between 20 degree to 30 degree in the both sides of the Equator.
*Sahara, Atacama, Kalahari, Thar etc are the examples.
* It is extreme hot climate zone.
* The day temperature rises up up to 49 degree Celsius and it goes down up to 10 degree during the night.
* Cactus with tiny, waxy and leathery leaves and very long root to reach underground water is the main plant.
* Bushmen of Kalahari, Bedouins of Arabia, Aborigines of Australia are the native people of Tropical desert.
*Sahara, Atacama, Kalahari, Thar etc are the examples.
* It is extreme hot climate zone.
* The day temperature rises up up to 49 degree Celsius and it goes down up to 10 degree during the night.
* Cactus with tiny, waxy and leathery leaves and very long root to reach underground water is the main plant.
* Bushmen of Kalahari, Bedouins of Arabia, Aborigines of Australia are the native people of Tropical desert.
d. Tropical Monsoon
* This climate is found in between 5 degree to 30 degree latitude in the both sides of the Equator.
* It is generally found in South and South East Asia, South East Africa, Caribbean region etc.
* The pre summer is hot and dry and the post summer is hot and wet, in the same way the winter is cold and experiences scanty rain.
* Deciduous forest is found here. This region is famous for wide verities of wild life.
* Agriculture is the main economic activity of this region. It is also followed by industry and tourism.
* It is generally found in South and South East Asia, South East Africa, Caribbean region etc.
* The pre summer is hot and dry and the post summer is hot and wet, in the same way the winter is cold and experiences scanty rain.
* Deciduous forest is found here. This region is famous for wide verities of wild life.
* Agriculture is the main economic activity of this region. It is also followed by industry and tourism.
Temperate Climatic Zone.
1. Mediterranean climate
a. This climatic region is found in between 30 degree to 40 degree latitudes in the both of the equator.
b. It is the gentle climate in the world. The summer days are hot with the temperature of 20 to 26 degree c. and it is dry and hot. In the same way the winter days are cold with 5 degree to 15 degree cl. of temperature and it is very wet.
c. The stunned trees and plants and herbs grow there. This region is very famous for horticulture. It is famous for growing citrus fruits in the world.
d. It is called the Garden of the world. It is very famous for wine production in the world.
b. It is the gentle climate in the world. The summer days are hot with the temperature of 20 to 26 degree c. and it is dry and hot. In the same way the winter days are cold with 5 degree to 15 degree cl. of temperature and it is very wet.
c. The stunned trees and plants and herbs grow there. This region is very famous for horticulture. It is famous for growing citrus fruits in the world.
d. It is called the Garden of the world. It is very famous for wine production in the world.
2. Temperate Grassland.
a. Temperate grassland is found in between 30 degree to 45 degree in the both sides from the equator.
b. The summer is warm and it receives scanty rain and the winter remains cold and dry.
c. This is the vast grassland with short grasses which is known for animal husbandry in the pastoral land advanced agriculture.
d. The northern part (USA and Canada-Parries) is very famous for production of wheat and maize and it is called the granary of the world. Likewise, southern part (Argentina-Pam pass) is famous for beef production.
b. The summer is warm and it receives scanty rain and the winter remains cold and dry.
c. This is the vast grassland with short grasses which is known for animal husbandry in the pastoral land advanced agriculture.
d. The northern part (USA and Canada-Parries) is very famous for production of wheat and maize and it is called the granary of the world. Likewise, southern part (Argentina-Pam pass) is famous for beef production.
3. China type of climate
a.The China type of climate is found in the northern hemisphere in between 30° to 45° latitudes.
b. The summer is hot and wet with the temperature of 22°c to 27°c and the winter is very cold which experiences the temperature of 8°c to 12°c.
c. The summer monsoon begins from the sea and causes the rain and the average rainfall is 75 cm to 125 cm.
d. The places which receives enough rain has got deciduous forest and the places with the scanty rain has got alpine forest.
e. As it covers its large part in China, it is known as China type of climate.
f. It is the most productive part in the middle latitudes as It receives enough rainfall.
It is also famous for dairy farming, sire culture, industries, tourism etc.
b. The summer is hot and wet with the temperature of 22°c to 27°c and the winter is very cold which experiences the temperature of 8°c to 12°c.
c. The summer monsoon begins from the sea and causes the rain and the average rainfall is 75 cm to 125 cm.
d. The places which receives enough rain has got deciduous forest and the places with the scanty rain has got alpine forest.
e. As it covers its large part in China, it is known as China type of climate.
f. It is the most productive part in the middle latitudes as It receives enough rainfall.
It is also famous for dairy farming, sire culture, industries, tourism etc.
4. St. Lawrence Climate
a.This climate is found in between 40° to 60° to the north of equator.
b. It experiences short, warm and wet summer and very long and dry winter.
c. The mixed type of vegetation is the next feature of this region. The deciduous forest is found in south-east.
d. Maples, Oak, Birth etc are the major trees and bear, squirrels, foxes etc are the wild animals.
e. Trade and industry are the major economic activities and very few people are involved in agriculture.
b. It experiences short, warm and wet summer and very long and dry winter.
c. The mixed type of vegetation is the next feature of this region. The deciduous forest is found in south-east.
d. Maples, Oak, Birth etc are the major trees and bear, squirrels, foxes etc are the wild animals.
e. Trade and industry are the major economic activities and very few people are involved in agriculture.
5. Temperate Grassland
a. This climatic region is found in between 45° to 60° in the north and 30° to 40° in the south.
b. This grassland is found in the inner part of the continent so the climate is extreme.
c. The winter is very cold and the summer is very hot. This region receives scanty rainfall in the summer and the winter remains very cold and dry.
d. It is such type of grassland where very short carpet like grasses are found and they are suitable for pastoral land. Argentina is very famous fir pastoral land in the world.
e. This grassland is very famous for production of wheat and maize so it is also called the Granary of the World.
b. This grassland is found in the inner part of the continent so the climate is extreme.
c. The winter is very cold and the summer is very hot. This region receives scanty rainfall in the summer and the winter remains very cold and dry.
d. It is such type of grassland where very short carpet like grasses are found and they are suitable for pastoral land. Argentina is very famous fir pastoral land in the world.
e. This grassland is very famous for production of wheat and maize so it is also called the Granary of the World.
Fridge Zone
1. Polar Climate
a. This climatic region is found in the northern polar in arctic circle and in the south in Antarctic circle.
b. As it receives the slanting sun rays, it is snowy and extreme cold.
c. The summer is very short and it remains for 2 to 3 months with twenty hours of sun light.
d. The winter remains for 9 to 10 months.
The winter is dark and extreme cold.
The climatic regions found in the Polar Region are;
a. Siberian Climate
This climatic Region is found in between 60° to 70° in the northern hemisphere.
* The region of northern part of Asia and Europe is termed as Siberian Climate.
* Verkhoyanak is said the coldest place of the earth. It is situated in Siberia. We found this climate in Sothern Canada and Alaska.
* This climatic condition is not available n the sothern hemisphere.
Climate:
* This climate is extremely cold climate.
The winter is very cold and dark. It remains almost 8 to 9 months. The temperature goes below freezing point.
Vegetation;
The southern part is full of coniferous forest. The northernpart is covered with snow all the winter.
The linches, mosses,algae etc are found and very short flowering plants in the short summer.
Life style: Aborigines are the native people of this region. They spent nomadic life. They hunt animals and seals. They do fishing. Generally they live in igloo in winter and tupic in the summer.
The some part of this region, follow animal rearing. They rear raindeer and dogs. They even sell the meat of raindeer.
Fridge Zone
The climate of Fridge Zone is found in the Artic Circle in the north and Antartic Circle in the south. They are the coldest place on the surface of the earth. The sun is above the horizon continuously for twenty four hours atleast once in a year in northern part of Article circle. It causes visible midnight. In the same way, below the horizon, not visible at noon continuously for twenty four hours once in a year. The place wherePolar Climate is found is said Tundra Climate.
Characteristics;
* It lies in farther most part from the equator. And it receives very slanting sun rays.
* It is the extreme cold climatic zone through out the year. The temperature goes down up to freezing point.
* This region remains frozen allmost for 10 months in a year.
* The smmer temperature ranges from -2° c to -5°c and winter temperature ranges -35° c to 45°c. And Antratic Region too goes in the same way but the hman settlement is not found there.
*
Lesson: 7
North America
( Geography, Climate, Natural Vegetation and Social-Economic life )
1. Give a short geographical description of North America.
North America is the third largest continent. This continent was discovered by Christopher Columbus in 1492 AD. It was name America after the after the name of Amerigo Vespussi,, Italian explorer, who explored both North America and South America in between 1497 to 1502 AD.
North America is situated in 7* N to 84* N latitudes and 52* E to 172* E longitudes. The total area of North America is 24237000 sq.km. The Pacific, Atlantic and Artic Ocean are surrounding the North America from west, east and north respectively. The South America is in the south and Panama Canal separates these two continents from each other. There is Bering Strait in between North America and Asia., The USA, Canada and Mexico are the large countries of North America.
2. Describe about the physical features of North America.
In general North America is divided into three geographical regions. These geographical regions are;
a. Western Mountain Region
b. Central Lowlands and
c. Eastern Highlands
a. Western Mountain Region
The Western Mountain Region is the cordillera (the three young fold mountains series) which pass from Alaska in the north to Panama Canal in the south. The distance of these ranges is about 6500 km. In between these mountain ranges, there are plateaus, deep valleys and river basins.The Grand Canyon, the deepest gorge (1800 m. deep) made by river Colorado is located here. In the same way, extremely hot and dry valley ( Death Valley ) is found to the east of Sierra Nevada in California. The highest peak of North America, Mt. McKinley (6194 m) is in Alaska. It is prone zone of earthquake and volcano.
b.Central Lowlands
There is vast plain land which extends from Hudson Bay in the north to the Gulf of Mexico in the south. These plain lands are formed by the glacier and the large rivers. The plain land around the Hudson Bay is called Canadian Shield as it is found in Canada. The vast plain land of in the center is formed by the river Mississippi and its tributaries. This is the vast temperate grassland termed as Prairies. It is also called the granary of the world as it produces wheat and maize in very large amount.
c. Eastern Highlands.
The Eastern Highlands are the very old fold mountains. It is believed that they were formed millions of years ago. They extends from New Found land in the north to Alabama in the south. This region is made up of three major areas. The plateaus of Greenland ( north), Laurentian and Labrador plateaus ( center) and Appalachain mountains ( in the south). There is the busiest river in the south east named St. Lawrence.
3. What are the major rivers and lakes of North America?
The Mississippi river is one of the largest river of North America. River Missouri and river Arkansas are the tributaries of the river Mississippi and it drains into the Gulf of Mexico. The other river Mackenzine and river Nelson join Artic Ocean. River Yokun, Fraser, Columbia and Colorado drain into Pacific Ocean. In the same way, river St. Lawrence, the busiest river from the point of view of commercial activity goes towards Atlantic Ocean.
There are five very important lakes. They are Superior, Huron, Erie, Ontario and Michigan. They are known as the Great Lakes. The Niagara Falls is situated in between lake Erie and lake Ontario in the border of the USA and Canada.
4. Describe the climatic condition of North America.
As North America is large continent with varieties of land forms, it experiences varieties of climatic conditions. The wide area of this continent is covered by Temperate Climate. It has got Tropical Climate in the south and Tundra Climate in the north. The North most part is extremely cold all the year. The western part of Canada and northern part of the USA has moderate climate. Like wise the central part of the continent has got extreme climate. The eastern Canada and around the St. Lawrence receives rain all the year. Around California and Florida, the winter is very cold and wet and summer is hot and dry. The south west part of the USA has got desert.
5. Describe the natural vegetation of North America.
The natural vegetation gets differ as the geographical features has got variation. Because of the diversity in relief and climate, the North America has a big variety of vegetation. The northern Canada has Tundra vegetation and coniferous forest. This region experience extremely cold with long and dark winter. The central part of this continent has extensive grassland named Prairies. It receives scanty rainfall. The south east of North America and place around river around St. Lawrence has mixed temperate forest.
6. Give a short description of social and economical life of North America.
North America is very advanced in science and technology. It is very rich in minerals, raw materials and other requirements for development. Because of proper utilization abundant resources, this continent is economically strong continent.
The economic activities of this continent are;
a. Industries and mining
b. Agriculture
c. Animal husbandary
d. Fisheries
e. Lumbering
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