Social Studies Reference - Class 10 - Unit 7

 Unit:7

Our History

The Political Activities from 2007 B.S. to 2017 B.S.

This period in the history of Nepal is termed as the period of turmoil as the political instability hit in the politics of Nepal. Ten governments got changed in the tenure of ten years. Anti government activities were going on. The government wasn't able to maintain rule of law and good governance in the country.The governments during this period are;

1. Formation of coalition government

  The coalition government was formed in the premiership of Mohan Shumsher in 2007 B.S. It was ten member cabinet where five were from Nepali Congress and five were from Rana. Because assassination of Chinia Kaji, Nepali Congress and Rana blamed each other for this act. Nepali Congress left government on 25th Kartik, 2008.

2.  The government of Matrika Pd. Koirala

Matrika Prasad Koirala was the president of Nepali Congress. King Tribhuwan formed the government in the premiership of him on 1st Mangshir, 2008. It was the fourteen member cabinet with the followings tasks;

a. To held the election of constituent assembly by 2009 B.S.

b. To regulate the public service commission.

c.  To establish independent judiciary.

d.  To ensure the fundamental rights of the citizens.

     The following political incidents caused for down fall the government Matrika Pd. koirala.

a.  The political parties Nepal Prajaparishad  and Communist Party of Nepal jointly formed 

 People's United Democratic Font and it had the demand of all party government.

b.  Dr. K. I. Singh who was one of freedom fighter and opposing Delhi Agreement was against this governmet. He was charged to be arrested by the government.later on he fled to Tibbet.

c.Bhim Dutta Panta, the commander of People Liberation Army was protesting against the government demanding the land ownership of the farmers and he was against feudal society in Western Nepal.

d.  Fragmentation of Nepali Congress and unfavorable condition created by B. P. Koirala was the other cause.

3.  Royal Councillor Government of king Tribhuwan

The five member Royal Councillor Government was formed in the chairmanship of king Tribhuwan on 30th Shrawan, 2009. This government was fully responsible towards the king. It got collapsed in Ashadh, 2010.

4.  The government of Matrika  Pd. Koirala (second time)

The king Tribhuwan invited Matrika  to form the government second time. It was the five  member cabinet formed on 2nd Ashadh, 2010. In his tenure, the commander of  P.L.A.Bhim Dutta Panta was  assassinated in the jungle of Dadeldhura with the help of Indian Army on 7th Bhadra, 2010.

5.  The Royal Advisory Government of king Mahendra.

 The Advisory government was formed in the coordination of Gujaya Man Singh. This       government was formed in the chairmanship of king Mahendra on 30th Falgun, 2011. In his   tenure Nepal got the membership of  U.N.O.

6.  Government of Tank Pd. Acharya

  The seven member cabinet was formed in the chairmanship of Tanka Pd. Acharya on 13th  Magh, 2013 . He was the president of Nepal Prajaparishad. This government too removed on 31st Mgh, 2014. In his tenure, Nepal Rastra Bank, Nepal Planning Commission, Supreme Court were formed.

7.  The government of Dr. K. I. Singh

  The eleven member cabinet was formed in the premiership of Dr. K.i.Singh on 11th             Shrawan, 2014. This government  continued up to 29th Kartik, 2014.

8. Direct rule of king Mahendra 

 The  direct rule of  King Mahendra was started  on 29th Kartik, 2014. It couldn't go any longer.

9. The government of Shubarna Shumsher

 The government of Shuberna  Shumsher was the government of election government. It was formed on 2nd   Jestha 2015.  The main works of this government was to draft the new constitution and  conduct the parliamentary election. These tasks were completed on 1st Falgun and 7th Falgun 2015 respectively.

10. The First elected government of Nepal

 The result of the first general election was announced on 28th Baisakh, 2016. Here Nepali Congress got 2/3 majority. It means that Nepali Congress got 73 seats out of 109    seats. B.P. Koirala, the very popular leader of Nepali Congress was appointed as the first elected prime minister of Nepal in the history.  This government was removed on 1st Pouush, 2017 and party less Panchyat Rule was introduced.

The changes after 2007B.S. to 2017 B.S.

After the advent of democracy in 2007B.S.  The people of Nepal had expected a great changes in the country. Because of political instability, the expected changes couldn't take place. The changes whatever took place in the country are classified into;

Social Changes:

• Paropakar Sanstha was established by Daya Bir Singh Kansakar in Kathmandu to provide social services to the poor and marginalized people.
• The schools were opened for common people.
• The Tribhuwan University was established.
• The Civil Service Act was introduced and implemented.
• Radio Nepal was established.
• Tele Communication Service was introduced in the country.

Economic Changes:

• National Budget system was introduced for the first time in Nepal.
• Nepal Rastra Bank was established on 14th Baisakh, 2013.
• The first Five Years plan was introduced in the country.
• The Land Reformed Act was introduced in the country.
• Uniformity in the currency was launched after the formation of Nepal Rastra Bank. 

Political Changes

• The hundred and four years old autocratic Rana rule was ended and democracy was introduced in the country for the first time.
• The first election of the country, the municipal election for Kathmandu Municipal took place.
• Nepal got the membership of United Nation Organization in 1955 A.D.
• The Koshi Treaty on 12th Baisakh and Gandak Treaty on 19th Mangshir , 2016 were signed. 
• Nepal made the diplomatic relation with China, India, USA respectively. These were the different changes took place in the country after the advent of democracy.     

      Political Events from 2017 B.S. to 2036 B.S.

1. Introduction of Autocratic Panchyat Rule
2. The newly introduced democracy in the country was seized by king Mahendra imprisoning the elected prime minister and other leaders on 1st Poush, 2017  and ban on political parties was imposed and Autocratic Panchyat rule was introduced on 22nd Poush in the same year. 
3.  Janakpur Bomb Kanda

         It was 9th Magh, 2018. King Mahendra was in his visit to address the meeting of Pro - Panchayat at  Rangabhumi, Janakpur. At the mean time the group of Durga Nanda Jha, Dal Singh Thapa and Arbind Thakur threw bomb at the vehicle of king Mahendra. They got arrested and they were executed on 25th Magh,2020. This incident is regarded as Janakpur Bomb Kanda in the history of Nepal.

4. Promulgation of the Constitution of Kingdom of Nepal 2019

After the introduction of Party less Panchayat Ruling system in the  country, the king Mahendra introduced the new constitution on 1st Poush, 2019. It legalized the Panchayat system in the country. This constitution was amended three times in following years;2023, 2032 and 2037 B.S.

5. Back to Village Campaign

After the first amendment in the constitution of Kingdom of Nepal in 2023 B.S. the king launched a political campaign called Back to Village Campaign on 1st Poush, 2024.

5. Jhapa Kanda and Sukhani Assassination

The Communist Party of Nepal ( Marxism and Leninism) launched a movement against the Panchayat Rule in Jhapa. The political activists Ram Nath Dahal, Netra Pd. Ghhimire, Narayan Shrestha, Krishna Kuikel and Biren Rajbanshi arrested with the accused of assassinating the then law-maker Dharma Pd. Upadhaaya from Jhapa for National Panchayat. Later on, on 21st Falgun, 2029 they were shot dead at the bank of Mai Khola at Shukhani.

Plane Hijack

A plane was to fly to Kathmandu from Biratnagar  on 25th Jestha, 2030. It was hijacked and landed at Pharbisgunj, India. It is believed that it was the mastermind of Girija Pd. Koirala. The plane was flying with 30 lakhs Indian currency and it was looted by the hijack team and freed as Nepali Congress was in economic crisis. In the same year on 25th Ashadh.

6. Timburbote ( Okhaldhunga) kanda

The youth of Nepali Congress were got the training at  Patna, India. They came to Okhaldhunga (Timburbote) with the plan to attack and capture Okhaldhunga. They were campaigning at Timburbote cave. They were also providing the training to the local youths. The secret of the plan was reviled. The Panchayat government attacked the camp and political activists Ram, Laxman, Captain Yagya Bahadyr Thapa, Bhim Narayan Shrestha were arrested 2031B.S. and shot dead in 2033 B.S.

7. B.P. Koirala returned with the policy of National Reconciliation

B, P, Koirala was in exile in India. He returned Nepal with the policy of national reconciliation on 16th Poush, 2033. He wanted to have reconciliation and understanding between the king and democratic force.

8. Deumai Kanda:

 Deumai incident is one of incident in history of Nepal. One of very active member of Nepal Communist Party, Ratna Kumar Bantwa was caught by the Panchayat government and  he was assassinated at the bank of Deumai river on 27th Chaitra, 2035.

9. Announcement of referendum:

Referendum is the democratic way of taking peoples' opinion on very important issues when the state is not able to make any decision.

Zulfi Kar Ali Bhutto, the then prime minister of Pakistan was sentenced on 4th April,1970 (22nd Chaitra, 2035) by the military government.

The students of Tribhuwan University were marching ahead towards the Pakistani Embassy to register the Letter of Condemn on 22nd Chaitra, 2035. On the way to embassy, the police lathi charged on the rally. Many students got injured. It was the topic to begin the movement. The student movement started. It became a head ache to the king and Panchayat government. Getting no way, the king Birendra announced the referendum on 10th Jestha, 2036. The poll of referendum took place on 20th Baisakh, 2037. There were two choices in the people i.e. Reformed Panchayat  and Multi Party Democracy. But it was the ill fortune of Nepalese that the result went in favour of Reformed Panchayat.

The Political Events from 2036 B.S. to 2046 B.S.

1. The Poll of Referendum.

The referendum was announced on 10th Jestha, 2036. There were two choices among the people, they were; The Reformed Panchayat System and Multi Party Democracy. The poll took place on 20th Baisakh, 2037. But it was the good luck of Panchayat System that the result went in favour of the Panchayat System.

2. Incident of Piskar, Sindhupalchok

It was the day of Maghe Sankranti,2040. The political activists  of different political parties had conducted a cultural program to aware the local people against the Panchayat System. In the mean time the police surrounded the spot of cultural program from all sides and fired randomly. Many innocent villagers were killed. The incident was criticized through out the world. The prime minister Surya Bahadur Thapa was removed with the help of the  Vote of No Confidence.

3. Civil Disobedience ( Satya Graha) and Bomb Blast.

Nepali Congress was not with the result of Referendum. It was looking for a peaceful movement. It launched Satyagraha from 10th Jestha, 2042. It was going on.At the mean time the Janabadi Morcha, in the leadership of Ramraja Pd. Singh the bombs were blasted in the major cities of Nepal on 6th Ashadh, 2042. Nepali Congress had to postponed the Satya Graha.

4. All Party National Conference at Ganesh Man's home

The political parties of Nepal gathered at Ganesh Man's home. There was the presence of Indian politicians too. It decided to launch the movement against the Panchayat System in the leadership of  the great leader Ganesh Man.

5. People's Movement 1st

Being based on the decision of the conference of Ganesh Man's home, the political parties ( Nepali  Congress and United Leftist)  formed United National Peoples' Movement Committee in the chairmanship of Ganesh Man, the leader of Nepali Congress and started the peaceful movement from 7th Falgun,2046. The movement got support from all sectors and went on for 49 days. Getting no way,the king Birendra dismissed the Panchayat System and introduced the democracy on 26th Chaitra, 2046. The government of consensus was formed in premiership of K. P. Bhattarai. This government was to perform two tasks; draft the new constitution and conduct the parliamentary election. These tasks were successfully conducted on scheduled time. The new constitution introduced the constitutional monarchy in the country.

The causes for the rise of  rise of Panchayat System in Nepal

• The political parties of Nepal were in inter and intra party conflicts. They did't pay any attention towards the will and aspiration of the people and the nation but engaged in personal and party interest.
• As per the decision of Delhi Agreement, the king, political parties and Rana didn't take any initiative to conduct the election of Constituent Assembly to draft the new constitution. 
• The kings were seeking the opportunities to grab the state authority from the parliament and become the direct ruler.
• The political instability or frequent change in the government showed that there was struggle for between the democratic group and the king.
• The activities performed by the political parties showed that they inexperienced and ematured towards their works.
• Even the general public were unaware and unknown about the importance of democracy.      

     The causes for down fall of Panchayat System.

• It was the party less autocratic political system, where no political activities could go ahead.
• The Panchayt Rulers tried to minimize the will and aspiration of the general people and political parties imposing the ban on them.
• The freedom of expression, press freedom and the fundamental rights of the people were encroached.
• Gradually the political parties were awaking the people against the autocratic Panchayat rule.
• The political parties of Nepal had formed the alliance to launch movement against the autocratic Panchayat rule. 
• The movement was supported by all teachers, administrators, lawyers, businessmen and all.  

                World War First

Very Short Answer Questions.

1. When  did the World War First start and ended ?

The World War First started on 28th July, 1914 attack over Serbia by Austria and ended on 28th June, 1919 with Paris Peace Treaty.

2. When did Germany annex the French provinces called Alsace and Lorraine into Germany?

   Germany annexed them in 1871 AD.

3. Which were the two hostile groups in the Europe before the World War First?

   They were Triple Alliance led by Germany and Triple Entente led by France.

4.  Which countries were the member nations of Triple Alliance and Triple Entente? 

    The member nations of Triple Alliance were; Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy and the member        nations of Triple Entente were; France, Britain and USSR.

5. Who were called the Allies Power?

    They were France, Britain, USSR, Italy, Belgium, China, Japan, USA etc.

6.  Who were called the Axis Power or Central Power?

    The member nations of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey etc were called the Axis Power.

7. How many countries directly participated in the World War First?

    About thirty six countries of Europe, America and Asia fought directly in the First World War.

9.  What do you mean by Ottoman Empire?

     It was the title given to Turkey as Turkey had control over the countries over the Balkan region.

10. Who was called the "Sick Man of Europe" ?

     Turkey was called the "Sick Man of Europe" because Turkey lost the control over the countries          the Balkan region after the Balkan War.

11. What do you mean by Balkan League? 

    The secret alliance of Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro of Balkan region who attacked            Turkey, the Ottoman Empire and got free is said the Balkan League.

12. What is Balkan wars?

    The Balkan League attacked Turkey in 1912 and got free. These four nations divided the lands            they got in war from Turkey but Bulgaria was dissatisfied with it, in the agitation of Austria-                Hungary Bulgaria attacked Serbia in 1913 AD. It is termed as Balkan Wars.

13. What do you understand by Black Hand Society?

    The youth of Bosenai-Horzegovina were unhappy to be annexed with Austria-Hungary as they            were Serbian thus they formed a secret society to go against this act of Austria-Hungary is called        Black Hand Society.

14. When were the Austrian heir and his wife assassinated?

    They were assassinated in Sarajevo on 28th June, 1914.

15.When was the Paris Peace Treaty signed?

    The Paris Peace Treaty was signed on 28th June, 1919 in Versailles Palace Paris, France.

Short Answer Questions  

1. What were major causes of World War First ? 

    The war fought in 1914 AD to 1919 AD. is called the World War First. It was very destructive            war the world ever had experienced. About thirty six countries directly participated in this war.

    The major causes of this destructive war were; 

a. Division of Europe into two hostile groups.

* As Otto Von Bismark became the chancellor of Germany in 1870 A.D., he annexed the French provinces into Germany in 1871AD. And he formed  a secret alliance with Austria-Hungary and Italy in 1882AD. It was called Trpple Alliance.

* By 1904 AD, France also formed an alliance joining hands with USSR and Britain.

* It gave birth to terror and fear of war in the EuroEurope.

b.Development of  Militarism in Europe

* After the formation these hostile groups  the member countries felt unsecured and increase their annual budget in security and military. Germany and England were in the competition of the production of the weapons.

c. Economic imperialism and colonization

d. Dominating nature of German Emperor William II

e. Crisis in the Balkan region

f.  Feeling revenge in Bosnian youth

g. Unfair role of news papers 

h. Immediate cause. etc.

* When the Austrian heir Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife Sophie Chotek were murdered on 28th June,1914 when they were visiting Sarajevo the capital of Bosnia by Gavrilo Princep, the member of Black hand society.

* It became the immediate cause because this event annoyed Austria-Hungary.

*Austria-Hungary demanded the permission to get into Serbia and investigate and suppress The Black Hand Society in the on the signal of Germany.

* The 24 hours ultimatum was sent to Serbia with demands on 27th July, 1914.

* Serbia didn't permit investigation of Austrian officials and it outraged Austria-Hungary and it declared war against Serbia on 28th July, 1914. It transformed into World War First.

2. What were the consequences of First World War?

The Paris Peace Treaty (Versailles Treaty)  between Germany and Allies power on 28th June,1919 officially ended the World War First. It was one sided treaty which became one of the major causes of Second  World War.

The effect of First World War are:

a. Versailles Treaty

It was treaty made on 28th June, 1919 which humiliated Germany. It was totally one sided.

*It declared Germany the war criminal.

* France took back Alsace and Lorraine

* 13% of German land and its colonies were taken by the Allies Power.

* The very precious land Polish corridor Dazing were taken by Poland.

* Under military restriction, German could keep only 100,000 soldiers.The new recruitment was restricted.

* It couldn't have more than six warship.

* There was restriction of production of warship, tanks, fighter planes and other weapons.

* German had to keep its army about 10 km away from Rhineland under Allies Power for 15 years.

* German was forced to pay £660 million to Allied Reparation Commission.

b. Unexpected loss of life and properties.

c.Downfall of absolute monarchies and establishment of democracy.

d. Rise of new nations.

e. Rise of dictators 

* It helped to remove absolute monarchies in many countries.

* It also helped to bring dictators in many countries.

The Nazi ruler Adolf Hitler in Germany, Fascist Benito Mussolini in Italy, General Francisco Franco in Spain etc.

These all rulers exploited the rights of people in their countries.

f. Economic crisis through out the world

g. Social Changes

* The women came out and started working in the offices and factories

* They became very conscious about their rights and privileges.

* The women right movement took place in Europe.

* The women got the voting right.

* It helped to remove the religious orthodox from the Europe.

* Many countries of Europe became the secular states.

* The industrial laws/acts were made and trade unions were formed.

Rise of new nations.

Like Czechoslovakia,Finland, Yugoslavia Albania etc emerged as new nations.

g. Formation of the League of the nations.

* It was formed on 10th January,1920.

* Its headquarter was in Geneva.

* There were 67 member nations.

* It remained till 1939 AD.

* Its failure was one of the causes of World War Second.

* The USA couldn't become the member of it and USSR and Japan withdrew their membership.

3. What was the role of Nepal in the World War First?

* Nepal also couldn't remain neutral in this war, she participated in the war from Britain side.

* Nepal sent about 7500 soldiers in the command of Babar Shumser to fight in the behalf of British government.

*They fought very bravely in Manmyar, Japan, Indonesia, Singapore etc.

* They fought very bravely and the brave soldiers were honored with Victoria Cross and Military Cross.

* The German emperor praised the bravery of Gurkha that he could send his soldiers with the troop of any country but when he heard about the name of brave Gurkha his heart get  shivered.

* Nepal was provided about 1 million rupees as gratitude every year.

Lesson : 11

World War II and Its Consequences

World War II

The second World War was started on 1st September, 1939 with attack over Poland by Germany. This attack was the result of Nazi - Soviet Pact. Once again, the Europe fell into the blaze of destructive war. The world was divided into two hostile blocks like world 1. Axis Power ( Germany, Italy, Spain, japan) and Allies Power ( France, Great Britain, the UK, the USSR and China). This destructive war got ended on 2nd Sep, 1945.

The causes of World War II

a. Treaty of Versailles ( Paris Peace Treaty)

b. Rise of dictators and militarism

c.Rise of Communism in the Europe

d. World wide economic crisis

e. Japanese Imperialism

f. Spanish civil war

g. Violation of Versailles Treaty

h. Failure of the League of the Nations

i. Immediate Cause

2. What were the consequences of the World Second ?

The World War Second was ended on 2nd September, 1945. This war was more destructive in the comparison of  World War Second. The results of the World War Second are as follow;

a. Unexpected loss of life and properties

b. Beginning of Cold War

c. Germany was divided

d. National movements started for independence

e. Rise of the USA as the super power of the world

f. Introduction of Marshall Plan ( ERP) and Moltov Plan ( COMECON) plan

g.Formation of United Nations Organization.

3. What kinds of roles did Nepal play in World War Second?

Like in the World War first, Nepal participated in this war in directly under command of UK.

   Juddha Shumsher was the prime minister of Nepal. About 2,50000 Nepalese soldiers participated in this war.

It is said that about7544 were killed and 23655 were injured. The Nepalese soldiers got the title of Brave Gorkhali. Many soldiers were honored with Victoria Cross and Military Cross. They have fought in Myanmar, Egypt, Ethiopia, Sudan,Italy, Syria, Iran, Iraq, Singapore and Malaysia. The British government paid 33.3 million rupees to Nepal as mark of gratitude. It also continued recruiting Nepalese youth in the British Army.

4. Why do you think that the Versailles Treaty is considered as the main cause of World War Second? Present your views.

Versailles Treaty was signed on 28th June, 1919 in Versailles Palace. It officially ended the World War First. This was the treaty which was not acceptable to a true German as Germany was forced to sign in the insulting and humiliating manner. It isolated Germany from the Europe. The Allied Power imposed several restriction and blockade over Germany. About 13% of land of Germany was taken by Allies Power. While the period of treaty, Germany was in one side and the Allies Power was in other. All these humiliated the Germany in all.The following restrictions were imposed over Germany.

a. The article 231 of Versailles Treaty declared Germany the war guilt and it blamed that the war and destruction was caused by Germany.

b. German lost its very precious land. These lands were taken away by the Allies power. Alsace and Lorraine were taken by France, North Schleswing by Denmark, Polish Corridor and Dazing by Poland and so on.

c.The German soldiers were to be kept 10 km. away from Rhinelsnd and the need to be under the supervision of the Allies Power for 15 years. It had to keep 100,000 soldiers. New recruitment was not allowed. German could keep six warships. Germany couldn't manufacture the weapons. etc.

d. Germany had to pay the gold and other precious metals worth of £660 million to Allies Power as compensation. etc

e. The World War First was the result of the exhibition of the power and the efficiency developed by the powerful nations of the world. Thus the blame imposed over Germany wasn't acceptable. 

All these activities shows that it wasn't easy to tolerate to all the true Germans so they were looking for an opportunity. In condition, Hitler came in the power and it helped to cause the World War Second.

5. Last week you had a talk show with a political analyst of Nepal on People's Movement Ist. You discussed about its the background, the causes and the consequences. Now prepare a report on the following sub-headings. Introduction, the objectives, methods and the findings.

                                                                 Introduction

Last week, we the students of grade; 10 had a talk with a renowned politician who actively participated in the different movements of Nepal for democracy. In very short , he introduced the topic.

Nepal was suffering from the autocratic party less Panchayat Rule introduced  by king Mahendra in 2017 BS. It was a complete autocratic ruling system. The fundamental rights of people were encroached. No one could speak against the system. Thus the people went against this system and launched movement from 7th Falgun 2046 to 26th Chaitra, 2046 for 49 days and  reintroduced democracy in the country.

Objectives

We discussed on various topics and objectives. They helped us to know many things about the Panchayat Ruling System. The objectives of our talk were.

 a. To know the background of the movement.

 b. To discover the causes behind movement. and 

 c. To identify the consequences of the People's Movement First.

Methods/Procedures

To obtain the information on the above objectives, we followed two procedures.

Primary Source

Under the primary source, we had a talk with a political analyst and historian and our subject teacher. It helped us to collect many information regarding the movements of Nepal for democracy.

Secondary Source

It is the source which are already collected. Under it, we collected the information through internet, books and news papers.

Description/ Findings

We had a very humble discussion to fulfill the objectives we had made. We were able to discover the following descriptions about People's Movement First.

The background of the Movement was made in the All Party Conference at Ganesh Man Singh's home held from 5th to 7th Magh, 2046. It gave the direction to the movement. The leadership of the movement was given to the Supreme Leader Ganesh Man Singh.

There were various causes behind People Movement 1st. The causes are;

* There was ban on the political parties of Nepal as it was introduced as the party less Panchayat System.

* The fundamental rights of the people were encroached. No people were able to enjoy their basic fundamental Human Rights.

* The country was in corruption and good governance and rule of law  were ignored. and so on.

The stuffed people with the autocratic Panchayat System burst in the form of movement and it resulted: 

* The 30 years old autocratic Panchayat Rule was ended.

* Democracy was re introduced. 

* The Constitutional Monarchy was introduced with the promulgation of the Constitution of Kingdom of Nepal.

* The people got their fundamental rights. and so on

Conclusion 

This was the second time the Nepalese people had to fought for democracy. It was prime duty of all the people ,political parties, civil society,civil servants and others to protect to it but it was the ill fortune of Nepalese that it went away in 2061 BS.